Resumen: La autoeficacia de la lactancia materna es uno de los indicadores asociados a la salud mental de la puérpera y a la mantención de la lactancia materna exclusiva. Objetivo: Evaluar las propiedades psicométricas de un instrumento para medir la autoeficacia para amamantar al segundo día postparto en población chilena. Sujetos y Método: Se tomó una muestra por conveniencia de 320 puérperas que voluntariamente participaron en una entrevista al segundo día postparto. La confiabilidad se evaluó por medio del coeficiente alfa de Cronbach. Para valorar su estructura factorial, se realizó un análisis factorial exploratorio. Resultados: Los resultados indican que el instrumento final, que posee dos factores “Pensamientos Intrapersonales” compuesto por seis reactivos y “Técnicas de Amaman tamiento” compuesto por ocho reactivos, cuya consistencia interna por factor y total de la escala fue: F1 = 0,90, F2 = 0,91 y Total = 0,94. Conclusión: La escala de autoeficacia de la lactancia materna mostró buenas características psicométricas en puérperas chilenas de segundo día.

Abstract: Breastfeeding self-efficacy is one of the indicators associated with the mental health of puerperal women and the maintenance of exclusive breastfeeding. Objective: To evaluate the psychometric properties of an instrument to measure self-efficacy to breastfeed on the second postpartum day in the Chilean population. Subjects and Method: A convenience sample of 320 puerperal women who volunteered to participate in an interview on their second postpartum day was evaluated. Reliability was evaluated using the coefficient Cronbach’s alpha. To assess its factorial structure, an exploratory factor analysis was performed. Results: The results indicate that the final instrument, which has the factors “Intrapersonal Thoughts”, composed of six items and “Breastfeeding Techniques”, composed of eight items, presented an internal consistency by factor and total scale of F1 = 0.90, F2 = 0.91, and Total = 0.94, respectively. Conclusion: The breastfeeding self-efficacy scale showed good psychometric characteristics during the second postpartum day among Chilean puerperal women.

Fundamento: Fatores de risco definidos para HIV e tradicionais podem estar associados a um aumento de eventos cardiovasculares. Estudos recentes sugerem que a resposta imune humoral à LDL modificada pode estar associada ao processo de aterosclerose. Objetivos: Avaliar a presença de anti-LDL oxidada e de peptídeos derivados da Apolipoproteína B no sangue, bem como sua associação à função endotelial na infecção por HIV. Métodos: Este estudo incluiu consecutivamente sujeitos com idade, sexo e dados demográficos correspondentes em dois grupos: (1) indivíduos infectados com HIV e naïve para terapia antiviral e (2) indivíduos não infectados. A aterosclerose subclínica foi avaliada pela espessura íntima-média, utilizando-se a ultrassonografia das artérias carótidas. A função endotelial foi determinada pela dilatação mediada por fluxo (DMF) da artéria braquial por ultrassonografia. Os níveis de autoanticorpos (IgM, IgG) de lipoproteínas de baixa densidade antioxidadas (LDL-ox), fragmentos de peptídeos antiapolipoproteína B (peptídeos ApoB-D e 0033G-Cys), e citocina foram avaliados por meio de ELISA. Resultados: Os resultados deste estudo não mostraram diferenças na aterosclerose subclínica entre os grupos. Entretanto, os sujeitos infectados com HIV apresentaram uma DMF mais baixa, em comparação com os sujeitos não infectados. Portanto, os sujeitos infectados com HIV apresentaram níveis mais altos de citocinas inflamatórias, títulos de IgG anti-LDL-ox, e IgG anti-ApoB-D. Em contraste, títulos de IgM anti-ApoB-D foram mais baixos em indivíduos infectados com HIV e associados a funções endoteliais diminuídas. Conclusões: Os resultados deste estudo mostram que a infecção por HIV, em sujeitos naïve, está associada à disfunção endotelial e à diminuição de anticorpos naturais para antígenos Apo-B.

Abstract Backgorund: Traditional and HIV-defined risk factors may be associated with an increase in cardiovascular events. Recent studies have suggested that the humoral immune response to modified LDL may be associated with the process of atherosclerosis. Objectives: To evaluate the presence of anti-oxLDL and apolipoprotein B-derived peptides in the blood, and their association with the endothelial function in HIV-infection. Methods: This study consecutively included subjects matched for age, gender, and demographic data in two groups: (1) HIV-infected and naïve for antiviral therapy and (2) uninfected individuals. Subclinical atherosclerosis was assessed by intimal-media thickness, using ultrasonography of the carotid arteries. Endothelial function was determined by flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) of the brachial artery by ultrasonography. Autoantibodies (IgM, IgG) anti-oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL), anti-apolipoprotein B-peptide fragments (ApoB-D and 0033G-Cys peptides), and cytokine levels were evaluated by ELISA. Results: This study's results showed no difference in subclinical atherosclerosis between groups; however, HIV-infected subjects showed a lower FMD, when compared to non-infected subjects. Therefore, HIV-infected subjects showed higher levels of inflammatory cytokines, titers of IgG anti-oxLDL, and IgG anti-ApoB-D. In contrast, titers of IgM anti-ApoB-D were lower in HIV-infected individuals and associated with reduced endothelial functions. Conclusions: This study's results show that HIV infection, in naïve subjects, is associated with endothelial dysfunction and a decline of natural antibodies to apo-B antigens.

Resumen 20. El estudio se llevó a cabo para establecer la prevalencia e identificar los factores de riesgo asociados con las infecciones por trematodes en ganado lechero de las tierras altas de Boyacá, Colombia. Las muestras fecales recogidas de 300 bovinos seleccionados al azar se examinaron utilizando una técnica de sedimentación simple para el recuento diferencial de huevos de trematodes. En el ganado estudiado fueron encontrados huevos de tres grupos de trematodes, a saber: Fasciola hepatica, Paramphistomum cervi y Cotylophoron cotylophorum. La prevalencia específica para estas tres especies fueron de 11,6%, 9,3% y 3,7% respectivamente. Se observó una superposición importante entre F. hepatica y P. cervi. La prevalencia de los tres trematodes identificados en este estudio se asoció significativamente (p<0,05) con la condición corporal y la raza, mientras que la prevalencia de Fasciola sp y Paramphistomum sp fue asociada con la edad. La prevalencia de los tres principales trematodes de importancia para la salud animal y la alta tasa de infección mixta, junto al deterioro de la condición corporal, determinan una pérdida económica sustancial debida a la reducción de la productividad del ganado en el área estudiada.

Abstract 16. Andrade, R.B.; Forero, J.; Ospina, J.D.: Prevalence of trematodes and host risk factors associated with dairy cattle in Colombia. Rev. Vet. 31: 2, 171-177, 2020. This study was conducted to establish the prevalence and identify the risk factors associated with trematode infections in dairy cattle in the Boyacá Highlands, Colombia. Fecal samples collected from 300 randomly selected cattle were examined using a simple sedimentation technique for differential trematodes egg count. The animals were found shedding eggs of three groups of trematodes, namely Fasciola hepática, Paramphistomum cervi and Cotylophoron cotylophorum. The specific prevalence of this trematodes were 11.6%, 9.3%, and 3.7% respectively. A substantial overlap was observed in the appearance of F. hepatica y P. cervi. The prevalence of the three trematodes identified in this study was significantly associated (p<0.05) with body condition and breed, while the prevalence of Fasciola hepatica and Paramphistomum cervi, was associated with age. The prevalence of the three main trematodes of importance for animal health with a high rate of mixed infection along with a poor body condition, suggests a substantial economic loss incurred due to reduced productivity of livestock in the study area.

Resumen 18. La calidad de la leche cruda de las ovejas es un factor muy importante a tener en cuenta cuando se escogen las mejores hembras para los sistemas productivos ovinos, porque el rango de crecimiento de los corderos está altamente relacionado con ello. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar las características fisicoquímicas de la leche cruda de ovejas de raza Dorper a través de los días en lactancia. Los parámetros evaluados fueron: porcentaje de grasa, proteína, lactosa, sólidos totales, sólidos no grasos y punto de congelación expresado en grados centígrados. Los animales fueron organizados en tres grupos de acuerdo a sus días en lactancia (3-20 días, 21-40 días y 41-60 días, con 40 ovejas por grupo). El análisis de la leche fue realizado usando un MilkoScan- Mars®. El recuento de células somáticas fue efectuado con un equipo Portacheck para cabras. Se realizó un ANOVA para determinar las diferencias estadísticas entre los grupos para cada parámetro (p<0,05). No hubo diferencias estadísticas para grasa, sólidos no grasos y sólidos totales; los otros parámetros tuvieron diferencias estadísticas. Los mejores resultados fueron grasa: 8.09% (grupo 2), proteína: 5.45% (grupo 1), lactosa: 5.22% (grupo 2), sólidos no grasos: 11.13% (grupo 1), sólidos totales: 19.17% (grupo 2), punto de congelación -0.5836°C (grupo 1) y recuento de células somáticas: 75.3 x 1000 cel./ml (grupo 2). Los resultados de las características fisicoquímicas de la leche cruda de ovejas Dorper fueron mejores comparados con otras razas (lecheras o cárnicas).

Abstract 14. The quality of raw milk is a key factor to consider when selecting the best females for sheep production systems because the lamb growth rate is highly correlated with this. The objective of this work was to determine the physicochemical characteristics of raw milk from Dorper sheep across sixty days of lactation. Parameters evaluated were percentage of fat, protein, lactose, total solids, non-fatty solids and freezing point expressed in degrees centigrade. Animals were randomly assigned to three groups according to days of lactation, as follows: 3-20 days, 21-40 days and 41-60 days (40 ewes each). Milk analysis was performed using MilkoScan Mars. Somatic cell count was performed with a SCC Portacheck equipment for goats. ANOVA was performed to determine statistical differences among the groups for each parameter (p<0.05). There were no statistical differences for fat, non-fat solids, and total solids; the other parameters have statistical differences. The best results were fat: 8.09% (group 2), protein: 5.45% (group 1), lactose: 5.22% (group 2), non- fatty solids: 11.13% (group 1), total solids: 19.17% (group 2), freezing point -0.5836°C (group 1) and SCC 75.3 x 1000 cells/ml (group 2). The physicochemical characteristics of Dorper’s raw milk were better than other breeds, including dairy and meat breeds.

ABSTRACT Objectives: To examine the predictive validity of the HCR-20 (The Historical Clinical Risk Management-20) to predict future violent incidents in a representative sample of patients with severe mental disorders and with a history of previous admission to prison, who after release are in a situation of extreme social exclusion. Material and method: The study sample was selected from the 235 patients treated by the Mental Health Street Team of Madrid (ECASAM) from June 2014 to June 2017, including those with a previous history of a previous internment in a penitentiary (about which, the HCR-20 was completed). Results: Of the 44 patients included, 29.6% (n=13) ended up participating in a violent incident after the release. The ROC curves (Receiver Operating Characteristic) analysis indicated that the total score of HCR-20 (AUC 0.98, p=0.01) has a high predictive validity. Conclusions: The social and medical changes that take place after the release of patients with severe mental illness justify the need to reassess the risk of violence. In this evaluation, the HCR-20 guide is a useful tool for predicting the risk of involvement in future violent incidents, and the inclusion of factors such as social exclusion and its consequences, as well as problems with substance use is especially important.

RESUMEN Objetivos: Examinar la validez predictiva de la guía HCR-20 (The Historical Clinical Risk Management-20) para predecir futuros incidentes violentos en una muestra representativa de pacientes con trastorno mental grave y con antecedentes de ingreso previo en prisión, que tras la excarcelación presentan una situación de exclusión social extrema. Material y método: La muestra del estudio se seleccionó de los 235 pacientes atendidos por el Equipo de Calle de Salud Mental (ECASAM) de Madrid, desde junio de 2014 hasta junio de 2017, incluyendo finalmente a aquellos con antecedentes de un internamiento previo en un establecimiento penitenciario, sobre los que posteriormente se cumplimentó la HCR-20. Resultados: De los 44 pacientes incluidos, un 29,6% (n=13) terminaron protagonizando un incidente violento tras la excarcelación. El análisis de curvas ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic) indicó que la puntuación total de la HCR-20 (área bajo la curva o AUC: 0,98, p = 0,01) tiene una alta validez predictiva. Conclusiones: Los cambios sociosanitarios que se van a producir tras la excarcelación de los pacientes con trastorno mental grave justifican la necesidad de revaluar el riesgo de violencia. En esta evaluación, la aplicación de la guía HCR-20 resulta una útil herramienta para predecir el riesgo de protagonizar futuros incidentes violentos, siendo especialmente relevante la consideración de factores como la exclusión social y sus consecuencias, así como los problemas con el consumo de sustancias.

Resumo A maioria dos estudos sobre torção feitos até hoje contempla a torção pura, decorrente da aplicação exclusiva de um momento torsor em uma viga de concreto armado. Esta situação, no entanto, só é possível em laboratórios. Na prática, a grande maioria das vigas é submetida à combinação de forças de cisalhamento e torção, o que gera um estado de tensão mais complexo a ser analisado. O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar os modelos de cálculo das normas ACI 318/2014, AASHTO e ABNT NBR 6118: 2014 relacionadas ao cisalhamento e torção, e comparar alguns resultados com dados experimentais de Rahal & Collins [3]. É mostrado que, se o valor recomendado de 45º é usado para θ, os procedimentos normativos da ACI 318/2014 para a interação cisalhamento-torção fornecem resultados semelhantes comparados aos obtidos pela ABNT NBR 6118: 2014, porém esses resultados podem ser considerados muito conservadores. Se o limite inferior de 30º for utilizado, os resultados obtidos usando os dois códigos se divergem e resultados menos consistentes serão obtidos. Este artigo conclui que, usando o valor recomendado de 36º para θ, de acordo com as recomendações da AASHTO, resultados mais consistentes são obtidos.

Abstract Most of torsion studies available are relative to pure torsion, arising from the exclusive application of a torsion moment in a concrete beam. This situation, however, is only possible in laboratories. In practice, the vast majority of twisted beams are subjected to the combination of shear forces and torsion, which gives rise to a more complex state of stress to be analyzed. The purpose of this paper is to present the provisions of the ACI 318/2014 Codes, AASHTO and ABNT NBR 6118: 2014 related to shear and torsion, and compare some results with experimental data from Rahal & Collins[3]. It is shown that if the recommended value of 45º is used for θ, the ACI 318/2014 provisions for shear-torsion interaction give similar results compared to ABNT NBR6118: 2014, but these results are very conservative. If the lower limit of 30º is used, the results obtained using both codes departs, and less consistent results are obtained. This paper concludes that using the recommended value of 36º obtained with the AASHTO provisions, some consistent and more accurate results are obtained.

Abstract: Bursera graveolens Kunth is used in traditional Mayan medicine due to its antidiarrheal effect. This species has been poorly explored for pharmacological effects knowledge, and it lacks assays describing the antidiarrheal effect. Due to this lack of information, our teamwork conducted efforts to establish spasmolytic effect using rat isolated ileum and antibacterial effect using Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella choleraesuis. We evaluated three extracts (hexanic: HEBg, dichloromethanic: DEBg and methanolic: MEBg) of B. graveolens leaves. HEBg (Emax = 74.88%, EC50 = 97.38 µg/mL) and DEBg (Emax = 89.21%, EC50 = 87.15 µg/mL) extracts shown significant spasmolytic effect (*p<0.05) challenging papaverine, in spontaneous contraction of rat isolated ileum. HEBg shows antibacterial activity against four different bacteria’s, and was more efficient against E. coli, with a Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) asset in broth dilution equal to 5 mg/mL. The decrease in spontaneous contraction in the rat intestine as well as the antibacterial effect exerted on pathogenic enterobacteria demonstrated by the organic extracts of the leaves of B. graveolnes can be attributed to the presence of sesquiterpenes according to literature reports.

Resumen: La especie vegetal Bursera graveolens Kunth es utilizada en la medicina tradicional Maya por sus efectos antidiarreicos, sin embargo, esta especie ha sido poco explorada con la finalidad de conocer sus efectos farmacológicos, además de que carece de estudios que sugieran su potencial antidiarreico. Con base en esto, en el presente trabajo se determinó el efecto espasmolítico ex vivo en íleon aislado de rata, así como la actividad antibacteriana in vitro en cepas de Escherichia coli, Salmonella entérica, Salmonella enteritidis y Salmonella choleraesuis de tres extractos vegetales (hexánico: EHBg, diclorometánico: EDBg y metanólico: EMBg) obtenidos a partir de las hojas de B. graveolens. Los extractos EHBg (Emáx = 74.88%, CE50 = 97.38 µg/mL) y EDBg (Emáx = 89.21%, CE50 = 87.15 µg/mL) presentaron efecto espasmolítico significativo (*p < 0.05) comparado con papaverina (usada como control), en la contracción espontánea del íleon aislado de rata. En cuanto a la inhibición del crecimiento de enterobacterias, el EHBg presentó actividad antibacteriana contra las cuatro cepas evaluadas ejerciendo mayor inhibición frente a E. coli, por lo que se determinó la Concentración Mínima Inhibitoria (CMI) por el método de dilución en caldo, observándose que E. coli es sensible a la concentración de 5 mg/mL de EHBg. La disminución de la contracción espontánea en intestino de rata, así como el efecto antibacteriano ejercido sobre enterobacterias de interés patógeno mostrado por los extractos orgánicos de las hojas de B. graveolnes puede atribuirse a la presencia de sesquiterpenos según los reportes de la literatura.

Resumo Membranas cerâmicas são de grande interesse industrial em processos de separação. Elas são caracterizadas por elevada estabilidade química/térmica e capacidade de filtração em temperaturas acima de 500 °C em uma larga faixa de valores de pH. Entretanto, a grande desvantagem das membranas cerâmicas é o elevado custo de produção envolvendo matérias-primas sintéticas, geralmente alumina e zircônia. Nesse contexto, membranas cerâmicas de baixo custo foram preparadas por sinterização reativa usando uma mistura de argila caulinítica e cinza de bagaço de cana de açúcar. Análises de distribuição de tamanho de partícula, térmica, mineralógica e de composição química foram realizadas para estudar as matérias-primas. As propriedades tecnológicas e de permeabilidade à água foram determinadas em amostras queimadas entre 800 e 1000 °C. A eficiência de filtração foi medida através de análises comparativas entre a água bruta e o filtrado. O tamanho médio dos poros entre 2,5 e 6,0 µm viabiliza o uso das membranas derivadas de cinza de bagaço de cana de açúcar em processos de microfiltração.

Abstract Ceramic membranes are of great industrial interest in separation processes. They are characterized by high chemical and thermal stabilities and filtration capacity at high temperatures (>500 °C) in a wide range of pH values. However, the major disadvantage of ceramic membranes is the high-cost of production involving synthetic raw materials, usually alumina and zirconia. In this work, low-cost ceramic membranes were prepared by solid-state reactive firing using a mixture of kaolinite clay and sugarcane bagasse ash. Particle size distribution, thermal, mineralogical, and chemical composition analyses were carried out to study the raw materials. Technological properties and water permeability were investigated in samples fired between 800 and 1000 °C. The filtration efficiency was measured by comparative analyses between the raw water and the filtrate. The mean pore size ranging from 2.5 to 6.0 μm makes the sugarcane bagasse ash derived ceramic membranes suitable for microfiltration processes.

Resumo Um compósito mulita/fase vítrea foi preparado por sinterização reativa de uma mistura argila caulinítica/resíduo de caulim rico em mica com 25% em massa de resíduo. A composição de fase, microestrutura, propriedades dielétricas e elétricas do compósito sinterizado a 1400 °C foram avaliadas por difração de raios X, microscopia eletrônica de varredura e espectroscopia de impedância (entre 25 e 600 °C em ar). A caracterização microestrutural mostrou a obtenção de amostras densas compostas de mulita acicular (ortorrômbica, 47,6% em massa), fase vítrea (50,1% em massa) e quartzo residual (2,3% em massa). Os resultados de condutividade elétrica (1,9.10-8 S/cm a 300 °C), constante dielétrica (6,7 a 1 MHz, 25 °C) e perda dielétrica (0,024 a 1 MHz, 25 °C) evidenciaram que o compósito mulita/fase vítrea é um material de baixo custo promissor para uso comercial em aplicações relacionadas à eletrônica.

Abstract A mullite/glass composite has been prepared by reactive sintering of a kaolinite clay/mica-rich kaolin waste mixture with 25 wt% waste. Phase composition, microstructure, dielectric and electrical properties of the composite fired at 1400 °C were evaluated by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and impedance spectroscopy (between 25 and 600 °C in air). The microstructural characterization showed the attainment of dense samples composed of acicular (orthorhombic) mullite (47.6 wt%), glassy phase (50.1 wt%), and residual quartz (2.3 wt%). Electrical conductivity (1.9x10-8 S/cm at 300 °C), dielectric constant (6.7 at 1 MHz, 25 °C) and dielectric loss (0.024 at 1 MHz, 25 °C) results gave evidence that the mullite/glass composite is a promising low-cost material for commercial use in electronics-related applications.

Resumo Macrófitas aquáticas apresentam propriedades e mecanismos úteis à remoção de substâncias presentes em solução, comumente, utilizadas em processos de fitorremediação de ambientes aquáticos. Este estudo avaliou o desempenho de acumulação de cobre (Cu) por Salvinia biloba Raddi (Salviniaceae) em diferentes concentrações do metal (1, 3 e 5 µg mL-1), além do tratamento controle, avaliados em intervalos de 0, 7 e 14 dias, sob condições laboratoriais, com controle de pH e luminosidade. Após o experimento a biomassa de S. biloba, foi lavada, seca em estufa, triturada e submetida ao processo de digestão, sendo, posteriormente, o teor de cobre acumulado determinado por espectroscopia de absorção atômica. Os resultados evidenciaram que S. biloba é hábil em acumular cobre em sua biomassa, variando significativamente entre os diferentes tratamentos e dias de exposição ao contaminante, bem como por sua interação (tratamentos × dias). Os maiores teores de acúmulo foram observados no tratamento com 5 µg mL-1, que aos 14 dias apresentou até 11.861 µg g-1 de Cu. Observamos sintomas de toxicidade e mortalidade nas plantas, evidenciando, provavelmente, o efeito do cobre sobre a espécie quando em elevados níveis. Salvinia biloba é uma espécie eficiente na remoção do cobre em solução, sendo possível sua recomendação como agente de remediação em ecossistemas aquáticos.

Abstract Aquatic macrophytes have properties and mechanisms which are useful for the removal of substances in solution, commonly used in phytoremediation processes in aquatic environments. This study evaluated the performance of copper (Cu) accumulation by Salvinia biloba Raddi (Salviniaceae) in different metal concentrations (1, 3 and 5 µg mL-1), as well as the control treatment, measured at intervals of 0, 7 and 14 days under laboratory conditions, with control as to pH and luminosity. After the experiment, the S. biloba biomass was washed, kiln dried, crushed and subjected to the process of digestion, and subsequently the accumulated copper content was determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy. The results showed that S. biloba is apt at accumulating copper, varying significantly between different treatments and days of exposure to the contaminant, as well as its interaction (treatment × days). The highest accumulation values were observed in treatment with 5 µg mL-1, which at 14 days, with 11,861 µg g-1 of copper. We observed symptoms of toxicity and mortality in plants, probably indicating the effect of copper on the species when at high levels. Salvinia biloba is an efficient species in the removal of copper in solution, its recommendation as a remediating agent in aquatic ecosystems being possible.

The aim of this research was to evaluate the in situ rumen degradation kinetics of nutrients, as well as the apparent digestibility of nutrients, population of rumen protozoa, and in vitro gas production of based diets from post-harvest biomass of Amaranthus cruentus. Post-harvest biomass of A. cruentus with Pennisetum clandestinum forage was mixed in dry basis according to four treatments: T1: 100% A. cruentus, T2: 100% P. clandestinum, T3: 75% P. clandestinum + 25% A. cruentus, T4: 50% P. clandestinum + 50% A. cruentus, under a completely randomized design. The ruminal degradation parameters showed differences between treatments (p<0.05) obtaining the highest effective degradation of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP) and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) in T1 (423.4, 404.1 and 354.5 g/kg, respectively). The in vitro digestibility of DM, organic matter (OM) and CP was higher (p<0.05) in T1 (60, 68 and 59% respectively) and T4 (53, 61 and 51% respectively). The lowest in vitro gas production was for T1, with a difference of approximately 91 ml/0.5 mg fermented DM with respect to the other treatments (p=0.0001). The lowest (p=0.0026) population of protozoa Holotrichs and Entodinomorphs was observed in T1 (0 and 1.80 log10 respectively). It is concluded that the post-harvest biomass of A. cruentus when incorporated into the diet of ruminants, can increase the degradation and digestibility of nutrients, and reduce the production of greenhouse gases and populations of protozoa of the rumen.

El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar la cinética de degradación ruminal de los nutrientes in situ, así como la digestibilidad aparente de los nutrientes, población de protozoarios del rumen y producción de gas in vitro de dietas a base de biomasa pos-cosecha de Amaranthus cruentus. La biomasa pos-cosecha del A. cruentus con el forraje de Pennisetum clandestinum se mezcló en base seca de acuerdo a los siguientes tratamientos: T1: 100% A. cruentus, T2: 100% P. clandestinum, T3: 75% P. clandestinum + 25% A. cruentus, T4: 50% P. clandestinum + 50% A. cruentus, bajo un diseño completamente aleatorizado. Los parámetros de degradación ruminal muestran diferencias entre tratamientos (p<0.05), obteniendo la mayor degradación efectiva de la materia seca (MS), proteína cruda (PC) y fibra detergente neutro (FDN) en T1 (423.4, 404.1 y 354.5 g/kg MS, respectivamente). La digestibilidad in vitro de la MS, materia orgánica (MO) y PC fue mayor (p<0.05) en T1 (60, 68 y 59%, respectivamente) y T4 (53, 61 y 51%, respectivamente). La menor producción de gas in vitro fue para T1, con una diferencia aproximada de 91 ml/0.5 g MS fermentable con respecto a los demás tratamientos (p=0.0001). La menor (p=0.0026) población de protozoarios Holotricos y Entodiniomorfos se observó en T1 (0 y 1.80 log10, respectivamente). Se concluye que la biomasa pos-cosecha de A. cruentus al incorporarlo a la dieta de los rumiantes puede incrementar la degradación y digestibilidad de los nutrientes y reducir la producción de gases de efecto invernadero y las poblaciones de protozoarios del rumen.

The Albizia lophantha extract (T1: 0 mg of extract/ml of nutritive cultivation [mg/ml], T2: 0.04 mg/ml, T3: 0.08 mg/ml, T4: 0.12 mg/ml) was used to evaluate the in vitro anthelmintic effect on gastrointestinal nematodes of horses. Higher inhibition in the hatching of eggs (T4: 43% and T3: 11%, respectively) and lower in the survival of larvae in the treatments of high doses (T4: 0% and T3: 0% at 36 and 60 hours after applying the extract respectively) (p=0.0001). The A. lophantha extract was effective in the in vitro control of gastrointestinal nematodes of horses

El extracto de Albiziza lophantha fue empleado (T1: 0 mg de extracto/ml de cultivo ([mg/ml], T2: 0.04 mg/ml, T3: 0.08 mg/ml, T4: 0.12 mg/ml) para evaluar el efecto antihelmíntico in vitro en nematodos gastrointestinales de caballos. Se observó mayor inhibición en la eclosión de huevos (T4: 43% y T3: 11%) y menor supervivencia larval con dosis altas (T4: 0%, T3: 0% a las 36 y 60 horas después de aplicar el extracto, respectivamente) (p=0.0001). El extracto de A. lophantha fue eficaz en el control in vitro de nematodos gastrointestinales de caballos

A large range of variability marks the branching pattern of the axillary artery. The knowledge of the anatomical variations and this pattern is essential to diagnostic and therapeutic approaches, including surgery, of the axillary region. The aim of this study was to observe the different possible origins of circumflex humeral arteries and to measure the length and diameter of each vessel. In our study, 24 armpits from adult cadavers (fixed in tamponed formalin 10%) were dissected. The data were analyzed with a digital caliper and the results expressed as Mean ± SD. In majority of specimens, posterior circumflex humeral artery (PCHA) arose from subscapular artery (SSA) (54.16%) and had an average diameter of 3.92±0.41 mm. The anterior circumflex humeral artery was a branch from axillary artery (AA) in the majority of the specimens (62.5%) with an average diameter of 1.83±0.68 mm. Circumflex humeral arteries can arise from SSA, deep brachial artery and AA. The result of this study is an interesting data for origin, length and diameter of these vessels, contributing to the knowledge of these variations occurrence.

Una amplia gama de variabilidad marca el patrón de ramificación de la arteria axilar. El conocimiento de las variaciones anatómicas de este patrón es esencial para enfoques de diagnóstico y terapéuticos, incluyendo la cirugía de la región axilar. El objetivo fue observar los diferentes orígenes posibles de arterias circunflejas humerales y medir la longitud y el diámetro de cada vaso. En el estudio se disecaron 24 axilas de cadáveres adultos (fijados en formalina tamponada al 10%). Los datos se analizaron con un calibrador digital y los resultados se expresaron como Media ± DS. En la mayoría de los especímenes, la arteria circunfleja humeral posterior surgió de la arteria subescapular (ASE) (54,16%) con un diámetro medio de 0,41±3,92 mm. En la mayoría de los especímenes (62,5%), la arteria circunfleja humeral anterior era una rama de la arteria axilar (AA) con un diámetro medio de 0,68±1,83 mm. Las arterias circunflejas humerales pueden surgir de la ASE, de la arteria braquial profunda y AA. El resultado de este estudio es un dato interesante para el origen, la longitud y el diámetro de los vasos, lo que contribuye al conocimiento de la ocurrencia de estas variaciones.

Antecedentes: la esclerosis hepatoportal se manifiesta como hipertensión portal no cirrótica. Su etiología parece estar relacionada con alteraciones idiopáticas en la microvasculatura hepática. Las manifestaciones de la esclerosis hepatoportal incluyen sangrado de vías digestivas altas, pancitopenia, esplenomegalia e hipertensión portal no cirrótica. Presentamos el primer caso reportado en Colombia de esclerosis hepatoportal en un paciente con serología positiva para el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH). Métodos: paciente masculino de 60 años de edad, VIH-positivo, quien ingresa a nuestra institución por hemorragia de vías digestivas alta (várices esofágicas y fúndicas) y ascitis, cuyo manejo requirió la toma de biopsia hepática. Resultados: se realizó biopsia Trucut de hígado que evidenció la presencia de 6 a 8 espacios porta con parénquima arquitectónico conservado que demostró fibrosis perivenular y dilatación sinusoidal pericentral severa. Conclusión: la esclerosis hepatoportal es una causa de morbilidad en pacientes VIH-positivos. Debe considerarse en cada paciente que manifiesta hipertensión portal no cirrótica asociada con hemorragia de la vía digestiva alta. Sin embargo, una investigación adicional es imprescindible con el fin de describir la relación entre el desarrollo de alteraciones intrahepáticas (microtrombosis), la patogénesis del VIH y el uso de terapia antirretroviral, particularmente el uso de didanosina

Background: Hepatoportal sclerosis manifests as non-cirrhotic portal hypertension. Its etiology appears to be related to alterations in the idiopathic micro-vasculature of the liver. Manifestations of hepatoportal sclerosis include upper gastrointestinal bleeding, pancytopenia, splenomegaly and non-cirrhotic portal hypertension. We present the first reported case of hepatoportal sclerosis in Colombia which occurred in an HIV positive patient. Methods: A 60-year-old male HIV patient positive was admitted to our institution because of ascites and upper digestive tract bleeding due to esophageal and fundal varices. Management required taking a liver biopsy. Results: A Tru-Cut biopsy needle was used to take a liver biopsy sample percutaneously. The biopsy revealed six to eight portal tracts with preserved architectural parenchyma, perivenular fibrosis and severe pericentral sinusoidal dilatation. Conclusions: Hepatoportal sclerosis is a cause of morbidity in HIV-positive patients and should be considered in each patient manifesting non-cirrhotic portal hypertension associated with upper gastrointestinal bleeding. However, further research is necessary to describe the relationship between the development of intrahepatic alterations (microthrombosis), HIV, and the use of anti-retroviral therapy, particularly the use of didanosine

The risk of exposure to Fasciola hepatica in cattle maintained under extensive conditions from two different climatic areas was evaluated. Bovine serum samples collected in Uruguay (humid subtropical climate; 1,192 samples) and Portugal (mediterranean climate; 473 samples) were tested against a F. hepatica recombinant surface antigen (FhrAPS) by means of an ELISA. Data obtained was analyzed according to the bovine breed, age and aptitude. An overall percentage of 56% (95% CI, 53-59) cattle were positive to the FhrAPS-ELISA in Uruguay, with significantly highest percentages in 2-4 year Holstein dairy cows. In Portugal, the percentage of sensitization was 47% (95% CI, 43-52) with the highest values recorded among Crossbreeds and beef bovines between 2-4 years of age. By means of the FhrAPS-ELISA, it was concluded the risk of exposure to F. hepatica among extensively reared cattle is higher in areas under humid subtropical climate than in those with Mediterranean climate. Calves are at higher risk of being exposed to the liver trematode independent of the climate conditions which emphasises the need for preventive measures against infective stages found in the environment and combne them with successful deworming programs.

Para evaluar el riesgo de exposición a Fasciola hepatica del ganado vacuno en extensivo se tomaron muestras de sangre de dos zonas climáticas diferentes, Uruguay (clima subtropical húmedo, 1.192 muestras) y Portugal (clima mediterráneo, 473 muestras), que se analizaron con un ELISA y un antígeno recombinante de superficie de F. hepatica (FhrAPS). Los datos obtenidos se analizaron de acuerdo con la raza, edad sexo y aptitud. La seroprevalencia global en Uruguay resultó del 56% (Intervalo de Confianza, IC 95%: 53-59) mediante FhrAPS-ELISA, con porcentajes significativamente más altos en vacas lecheras Holstein de 2-4 años. En Portugal, el porcentaje de sensibilización fue del 47% (IC 95%: 43-52) con los valores más elevados en bovinos resultado de cruces de distintas razas, destinados a la obtención de carne y con edad también comprendida entre 2 y 4 años. Se concluyó que el riesgo de exposición a F. hepatica del ganado vacuno en extensivo es mayor en las zonas con clima subtropical húmedo que en las de clima mediterráneo. Los terneros presentan un alto riesgo de exposición al trematodo hepático con independencia de las condiciones climáticas. Los resultados ponen de manifiesto la necesidad de adoptar medidas frente a las formas del parásito que se encuentran en el medio y combinarlas con programas de desparasitación eficaces.